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And we are even farther from private letters that interest most historians who focus on literary correspondence. 7 Letters are available from all the centrale s, from the Corsican penitentiaries of Casabianda and Ca (.)ģ Obviously, with this body of archives we are far from the letter writing purposes that historians have studied over the years (Chartier R., 1991).Less than 10% of the letters were written under (.) 6 Out of a body of 502 petitions, only 6 lack a date.
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Due to delays in consultation only this first series can be covered. In the protean documentation left by the Ministry of the Navy, which administered the prisons in the colonies, we are particularly interested in the files of the étrangers à la transportation ("transportation: other"), stamped with "E.T.", and containing letters from prisoners held in prisons located in metropolitan France expressing the wish to be transferred to New Caledonia or other colonies. In the absence of such files for the 19th century, in poorly preserved archives, the files of the bagnards stored in the Centrales and departmental prisons contain several letters written by convicts sentenced to "transportation" to penal colonies. and Wasserman F., 1992) or its continuation ( Surveillance légale, 4 or legal supervision).Ģ Nevertheless the interest of studying correspondence found in case files was recently underlined by the documentalists of the Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer (Krakovitch O., 1992, 1993 Clair S., 1992). 3 It is even more rare to see what the convicts themselves had to say about prisons (Carlier Ch. A typical example is the fate reserved for Pierre Rivière's memoir, the signification of which was eclipsed by an analysis of the diverging discourses of the alienists of the time regarding its interpretation (Foucault M., 1973). As, by definition, the prisoners' letters were written under constraint it hardly appeared useful to look into the meaning of the messages they left us. In the train of the history of representations, researchers focussed on discourse in its relation to power, especially in the context of crime. These texts have been assembled carefully and published, often in their entirety, ( Artières Ph., 2000), but little has been done to analyse exactly what these people were trying to express when they wrote. The writings that do exist, relating to sensational crimes or drafted at the request of doctors and criminologists, often take the form of memoirs or accounts. Unlike political prisoners 2 who were better educated and left many letters, written expression by common criminals is rare in the prison system. 4 See the glossary at the end of the text for an explanation of this term, and others not left in the (.)ġ Prisoners of the 19th century, especially those sentenced as common criminals, have left few testimonies about the way they experienced their imprisonment and served their sentences.3 It took the recent thesis by Sylvie Lapalus (2004) for the Pierre Rivière's text to be analysed in (.).Political prisoners predominate in the (.) 2 On political prisoners, see the work of Vimont J.-C.